A Brief History of Time - I

A brief history of time: From the earliest moments that can be talked about from a scientific point of view to the time of planet formation. Beyond that point we start to touch upon on Wednesday (life in the universe).

1. Tutorial #6 solution

2. We learned that the universe is "TOO FLAT", which is one of the reasons that "inflation" was proposed. 

Today we will go all the way to the "first instance". 

What was there before the beginning? 

On Friday: the no-boundary in space hypothesis: for a closed universe it is not possible to find an end of the universe.

Today: 
A brief history of time. Beginning with PURE SPECULATIONS (with where they come from):

The no-boundary hypothesis: Einstein's theory led Minkowski to pronounce in 1907 that space and time can be described by 4 perpendicular axis, as 3D world was before. By inference we can state something similar with regards to the time axis, but  that DOES NOT mean that when you reach the END OF TIME you suddenly emerge at the beginning of time. The reason that it doesn't is that very near the beginning and end of time there is QUANTUM WEIRDNESS. There is no way to tell how the information that came out of  t=0 is similar to that at the end, at t=tmax. 

Physically speaking: The universe does not have to have a beginning. Whatever the initial conditions of the hot big-bang.

Quantum foam: Time before 10^-43 seconds: gravity and other forces of nature are similar. No way the universe could have emerged from this state, if NOT FOR THE QUANTUM WEIRDNESS. Temperature at that time is enourmous. Only theory of that time: Superstrings theory. Considered most promising because of its math beauty - not predictions! Not one prediction verified so far! So its a conjecture as of yet.

"Phase-transition" from higher dimensions to lower dimensions.

Question: How to tell to flatland inhabitant that his dimension is lower? 
Answer: See yourself! (in all 3D).

At 10-34 seconds:
Exponential expansion:
A short review of modern theories of the forces of nature: Quarks, leptons. Gluons, WZbosons, Leptons.
The forces of nature include Strong-weak-electromagnetic combined force with gravity competing. Only "stuff" still existing: probably the Higgs field. Whereas the Higgs was never seen in lab the theory that requires the existance of the Higgs has been very successfull in lab! Higgs "supercools". Then turns

Already mentioned that inflation uses a transition from certain particles to today's particles to give a boost to the expansion of the universe at early times. This is a period of EXPONENTIAL expansion. More on that today. (quarks, leptons, 

Actually we will start with a cunnundrum: a closed universe is